The implementation of parametric polymorphism in programming languages … a polymorphic declaration gives rise to data representation … [e.g., C++ templates]. … The advantage of specialization is performance … ; the drawbacks are code explosion, lack of … representation is used for all instantiations of a … This is achieved by restricting instantiations to the … [e.g., Eiffel, Modula-3] … , by boxing all non-pointer values [e.g., Haskell] … , or by using a tagged representation scheme … [e.g., ML] …
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