14 ;;Quote: a pidgin is a language without native speakers, but with a recognizable set of conventions over a long period. It is unintelligible to speakers of other languages

14+;;Quote: the grammar of a pidgin is simpler than the grammar of native languages

16 ;;Quote: creoles are pidgins which have become native languages for their speakers, typically as children; simple grammar

25 ;;Quote: the lexicon of a pidgin or creole usually comes from one language, the lexifier, while the grammar has other sources, e.g., the substrate languages

47 ;;Quote: the phonology of pidgins is unstable and somewhat dependent on the speaker.

47+;;Quote: pidgins typically use a simplified vowel system without phonologically marked sounds; they avoid doubly articulated stops

49 ;;Quote: pidgins are semantically transparent with one form for one meaning; e.g., two words to specify gender of all species

51 ;;Quote: pidgins make maximum use of a minimum lexicon of 100 to several thousand words

53 ;;Quote: pidgins use few synonyms; e.g., Tok Pisin uses one word for all pointy things and adjectives to identify specific forms

54 ;;Quote: pidgin grammars lack surface and morphological complexity. Pidgins use semantic transparency, a limited vocabulary, and limited function words

82 ;;Quote: untutored second language learners that fossilize at an earlier stage produce languages similar to pidgins

85 ;;Quote: foreigner talk is a dialect that native speakers use to talk with foreigners; like a pidgin with simple grammar, limited vocabulary, and restricted use

85+;;Quote: foreigner talk by both sides may play a role in the early development of a pidgin

99 ;;Quote: a pidgin must be useful and learnable by adults who have lost the ability to learn a native language

105 ;;Quote: for a pidgin to stabilize, it must develop its own norms of grammar, lexicon, and pronunciation

117 ;;Quote: a stable pidgin uses phrase-like formulas for the description of new concepts, e.g., 'smoke eat thing' for 'pipe'

171 ;;Quote: children speak a creole faster than adults speak the corresponding pidgin; leads to phonological reduction of function words

177 ;;Quote: a creole can develop abruptly before a pidgin is established; it may be influenced by biological language abilities