| 
|
Topic: coordinated motor programs
topics >
science >
coordinated movement
Topic:
equal simplicity
Topic:
vitalism, the soul
Topic:
walking
Summary
Berstein argues that coordinated movement must be controlled by a motor program and that the motor program is the continual solution of the coordination problem instead of a sequence of commands. He has several reasons for this: coordinated movement has a simple, definite rhythmic pattern which must have been decided before the movement starts, coordinated movement is indenpendent of the actual muscles involved or of particular environmental stimulations, coordinated movement has a topological structure, the actual attainment of the motor goal is realized before coordination is established. Others have observed that motor coordination can occur independently of afferent stimulation.Another view is that a motor program consists of symbolic control of continuous processes. This appears unlikely because of the rich structure of coordinated movement. (cbb 5/94)
Subtopic: goal directed
Quote: at the starting gate horses cannot burst free as quickly as the mind desires; voluntary motion has its impetus in thought [»lucr_55] Quote: when a movement begins there is already a motor program for the movement; demonstrated by close approximation to a trigonometric series [»bernN_1935] Quote: Bernstein realized that there are no 'commands' in the motor system proper [»reedES_1984] Quote: a motor program is in terms of an image of the result of the action [»bernN_1957] Quote: localization of motor programs is some form of projection of external space [»bernN_1935] Quote: motor activity is controlled by forming a representation of the motor problem [»requJ_1984] Quote: acquiring a skill consists of finding better ways of solving the motor problems involved; not repetition of a solution [»bernN_1957] Quote: the motor problem must anticipate the result of an action and its means [»requJ_1984] Quote: a motor program is an a priori prescription giving preferred quantities, commands, and symbolic representations; the symbols constrain the irreversible, rate-dependent processes [»turvMT_1984] Quote: for nonbiological taxonomies, basic categories described by typical muscle movements; e.g., sitting down on a chair [»roscE7_1976]
Subtopic: durability of motor programs
Quote: multiple pointing gestures by the same subject follow different trajectories to the same point [»bernN_1957] Quote: the attainment of a motor goal is achieved early in acquiring an automatized skill; even on the first try [»bernN_1957] Quote: simple moves appear to be driven by error correction from a geometric image; because they are geometric [»bernN_1957] Quote: every movement under external forces encounters irregularities that force the modification or reorganization of the motor program [»bernN_1957] Quote: an animal is in continual dis-equilibrium with its environment; must act, evaluate and modulate instead of reacting to stimuli [»rozeRH_1984]
Subtopic: coordination is topological, not geometric
Quote: after lose of nerve signals, can still perform previously-learned, gross motor tasks Quote: after lose of nerve signals, can not learn new motor tasks, exert continuous force, or precise manipulation [»speeTH_1986] Quote: when mentally swimming a given distance, respiration automatically accelerates [»pickL_1984] Quote: can learn complex central motor programs independent of afferent control signals [»pickL_1984] Quote: motor skills are difficult to forget [»requJ_1984]
Quote: both movements and perceptions of an organism are determined topologically; e.g., drawing a star [»bernN_1935] Quote: perceptual recognition and motor reproduction is sensitive to spatial orientation; e.g., drawing or recognizing upside down figures [»bernN_1935] Quote: the success of a half-QWERTY keyboard demonstrates that typing skill transfers between hands by mirror image; homologous movements Quote: the postural reaction changes the activity of many muscles; sometimes distant from the region of the main response [»rozeRH_1984] Quote: the cellular localization of muscles and the variations in controlling them denies the cellular localization of automatized movements [»bernN_1935] Quote: an nervous impulse reaching a muscle is the resultant of a whole series of central impulses that reach synapses by different routes [»bernN_1935] Quote: ten successive repetitions of the same movement require ten different impulses Quote: arm circles at different positions use completely different innervational schemes [»bernN_1935] Quote: handwriting characteristics are apparent when writing on a blackboard even though the muscular structure is absolutely different [»bernN_1935]
Topic: coordinated movement (58 items)
Topic: equal simplicity (15 items)
Topic: vitalism, the soul (73 items)
Topic: walking
(20 items)