4 ;;Quote: AI based on old ideas: Descartes: understanding by a symbolic representation; Kant: concepts are rules; Frege: rules can be formalized and manipulated without interpretation

5 ;;Quote: Socrates demonstrated that experts could not articulate the principles and rules underlying their expertise

6 ;;Quote: novices are taught to recognize features of a task and to apply rules based on these features

6 ;;Quote: advanced beginners recognize situational aspects of a task; e.g., the sound of a motor or the behavior of a drunken driver

7 ;;Quote: a competent performer develops a hierarchical perspective or plan that determines the important elements of a situation

7 ;;Quote: a proficient performer recognizes most situations without effort; must still plan how best to achieve a goal

8 ;;Quote: an expert in most situations experiences a compelling sense of the issue and the best move

8 ;;Quote: experts can not articulate their rules because they are not following rules; experts discriminate thousands of special cases