v ;;Quote: C++ is a general purpose programming language for enjoyable programming by serious programmers

v+;;Quote: C++ is a superset of C

v ;;Quote: use data abstraction to construct modular programs; i.e., define new types that match the application's concepts, e.g., C++

v ;;Quote: object-based programs use objects that contain type information

v ;;Quote: a C++ class is a user-defined type; it provides data hiding, initialization, type conversion, dynamic typing, memory management, and overloaded operations

v ;;Quote: user-defined types in C++ can deal efficiently with fundamental hardware objects such as bits, bytes, words, and addresses

3 ;;Quote: defining general-purpose or application-specific types is the most fundamental programming activity in C++

3+;;Quote: a well designed user-defined type in C++ is used the same as a built-in type

3 ;;Quote: C++ types and data-hiding efficiently prevent accidental corruption of data. They do not provide secrecy and security

8 ;;Quote: a programming language specifies actions to be executed, and supplies concepts that help with programming

8+;;Quote: a programming language should be close to the machine, like C, and close to the problem, like C++

8 ;;Quote: a class is a type: it specifies how objects behave and how they are created, used, and destroyed. A class also specifies a representation

9 ;;Quote: a manageable program is organized as a tree or a directed acyclic graph with localized dependencies

10 ;;Quote: a program is a concrete representation of the ideas in a problem solution. Its structure should match the ideas

10+;;Quote: represent a separate idea as a class; a separate entity as an object; commonality between classes as a base class; and a container of objects as a template

10 ;;Quote: except for low-level types or math entities, avoid global data, global functions, public data, friends, direct access, type fields, inline functions, void*, pointer arithmetic, C arrays, and casts

11 ;;Quote: think of a program as a set of interacting classes and objects; not as a bunch of data structures manipulated by functions

26 ;;Quote: a function is a named part of a program that can be invoked as needed

26 ;;Quote: in C++, argument passing and returned values are identical to initialization of variables

28 ;;Quote: a C++ reference to a type is a synonym for the variable it is initialized to; used for overloaded operators, functions, and both sides of assignments

45 ;;Quote: an overloaded or hidden name can cause difficult errors; minimize by avoiding names like 'i' for globals or variables in large functions

47 ;;Quote: create a C++ object at its definition and destroy it at the end of scope

47+;;Quote: global and static data are initialized once and not destroyed

50 ;;Quote: the size of a C++ object is some multiple of the size of a 'char'

50+;;Quote: a 'char' is a signed or an unsigned integer; an 'unsigned char' may be significantly less efficient than a 'char'

50 ;;Quote: in C++, 'unsigned int' is seldom a good idea; e.g., 'unsigned surprise= -1' is legal

57 ;;Quote: in C++, pointer arithmetic is defined only within an array; the difference of two pointers is the number of array elements between them

62 ;;Quote: a 'const' reference can be the address of an initialized temporary; allows flexible initialization; useful for function arguments

104 ;;Quote: if possible, use the programming language instead of writing a comment

105 ;;Quote: a comment should be used for each file, class, template, nontrivial function, global variable, exceptional code, and very little else

110 ;;Quote: except for local names, a name should refer to only one type, value, function, or object in a program

125 ;;Quote: try to avoid functions that modify call-by-reference arguments. They make a program harder to read

125+;;Quote: reference arguments should use 'const' if the argument is not modified; allows literal and expression arguments; improves readability

130 ;;Quote: argument matching rules for C++: exact match, integral promotions, standard conversions, user-defined conversions, parameter ellipsis; must be unique at a level

140 ;;Quote: if you design a private language with macros, it will be incomprehensible to others

140+;;Quote: use 'const', 'inline', and 'template' in place of macros and C's preprocessor constructs

143 ;;Quote: a data type is a concrete representation of an idea or concept; e.g., 'float'

144 ;;Quote: a type separates the incidental details about the implementation of an object from the essential properties for using an object

146 ;;Quote: if restrict access to a data structure then only member functions can modify the data, cause illegal values, and define how to use the data

147 ;;Quote: use 'this' in C++ to refer to the object that invoked a member function; primarily used for pointer manipulation

148 ;;Quote: a 'const' member function can read but not write its object

148+;;Quote: a member function can "cast away const" if the object is modified but it appears constant to its users; e.g., caching values, maintaining statistics, updating use counts

150 ;;Quote: use a constructor to initialize an object instead of using a function; less error prone

150+;;Quote: a C++ constructor has the same name as the class itself

156 ;;Quote: to allocate an object, need to know its size

156+;;Quote: C++ requires recompilation if the size of a class object is changed; for efficiency

157 ;;Quote: to define a class need to define a complete set of operations. This is an important shift of emphasis from defining a data structure; lots of benefits

181 ;;Quote: a concept is not isolated; it derives its power from its relationships to related concepts

181+;;Quote: use derived classes to express hierarchical relationships; i.e., commonality between classes

187 ;;Quote: need to determine the actual type to use a derived class. Ensure a homogeneous set, use a type field, or use virtual functions

187+;;Quote: a base class is commonly used for container classes such as set, vector, and list; the container may be homogeneous or heterogeneous

187+;;Quote: virtual functions identify the type of an object in a type-secure way

188 ;;Quote: a type field leads to two kinds of errors in large programs: failure to test the type field and missed cases in a switch

188+;;Quote: virtual functions avoid the need for type tests and case switches. They take nearly the same space as a type field

209 ;;Quote: with single inheritance, shared information tends to move towards the root of the tree; root classes become a global name space and a muddle

211 ;;Quote: a class member can be 'private', 'protected',or 'public'. Private members implement a class and protected members implement derived classes

216 ;;Quote: delete objects of a derived class with a virtual destructor in the base class; it will know the size of the object

217 ;;Quote: a constructor is not an ordinary function: not virtual, special access to memory management, no 'this' object, no pointer to function

217+;;Quote: can turn a constructor into an ordinary function that calls the constructor and returns a constructed object

225 ;;Quote: C++ operator overloading can overload function calls, array indexing, pointer dereference, assignment and initialization. May define type conversions and restrict copies and deletions

226 ;;Quote: to prevent ambiguities, C++ operator overloading can not change precedence, change expression syntax, or define operator tokens

227 ;;Quote: the name of an overloaded C++ operator is 'operator' followed by the operator, e.g., 'operator<<'.

227+;;Quote: calling an overloaded C++ operator is the same as an explicit call to the operator function

231 ;;Quote: implement binary operators of complicated types with assignment operators; e.g., implement matrix addition in terms of '+='

233 ;;Quote: use explicit conversion operators to avoid ambiguities; use implicit conversions for frequently used conversions

233 ;;Note: a conversion is a form of typing; e.g., 'a(x)' can be interpreted as 'x is an a -- here's how'

237 ;;Quote: it may be cheaper and simpler to copy a return value than to allocate and deallocate an object on free store

238 ;;Quote: a copy constructor initializes an object by copying another object; used for initialization, argument passing, and function return

238+;;Quote: assignment and initialization are different operations; assignment only applies to properly constructed objects

238+;;Quote: classes with nontrivial destructors need to define an assignment operator and copy constructor

255 ;;Quote: a container class holds objects of another type (e.g., lists, arrays, sets); the type is irrelevant to the definer and crucial to the user

255+;;Quote: define a container class with a type parameter; e.g., a C++ template

257 ;;Quote: a C++ template is like a macro that obeys the scope, naming, and type rules of C++; the generated code is like separately compiled code

259 ;;Quote: templates should not depend on global information; they will be used for unknown types in unknown contexts

269 ;;Quote: an iterator class and its container class need to cooperate when elements are added or removed while the iterator is active

269+;;Quote: iterated containers usually support the notions of a current element and resetting an iteration to the beginning

279 ;;Quote: multiple template arguments for arithmetic types can lead to an explosion of generated functions and code; should use explicit type conversion instead

281 ;;Quote: a template with type arguments expresses a commonality across types

281+;;Quote: templates and type inheritance need each other. Without templates, derivation of similar class is tedious; without inheritance, templates lead to massive replication

293 ;;Quote: the author of a library can detect run-time errors but does not know what to do about them; use throw and catch

293+;;Quote: throw and catch separates error handling code from ordinary code; error handling is more regular than with error values or error call-backs