KMSquote: biography for Robert Akscyn [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: biography for Donald McCracken [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS has a simple data model to improve user productivity [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS for organization-wide collaboration [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS conceptual data model is frames of items with links from items to frames [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS is distributed [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS uses direct manipulation by a three-button mouse

KMSquote: KMS combines the hypertext browser and editor [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: 90% of KMS commands are point-and-click, indicates both object and operation [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS has 0.5 second average access time on Suns and Apollos [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: hypertext chunks information into small units of text [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: hypertext displays one information unit per window [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: hypertext links interconnect information units for navigation [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: hypertext users build information structures with links [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: hypertext can be shared via a distributed system [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS and ZOG used by authors: 10000 person hours, 50000 frames [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS and ZOG developed iteratively with scores of versions [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: ZOG prototype in 1972 [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: ZOG restarted 1975 after seeing rapid interaction response of PROMIS [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: ZOG developed from 1975 to 1980 [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: ZOG computer-assisted management system for USS CARL VINSON [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: ZOG deployed 1983 on USS CARL VINSON [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: ZOG applications on USS CARL VINSON; policy manual, task management, maintenance, expert system interface [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: ZOG project on USS CARL VINSON ended in 1984 [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS started 1981: Westinghouse emergency procedures for reactors [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS applications: administration, support, writing, programming [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS other applications: interfaces, e-mail, accounting, etc [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS to manage organizational knowledge and improve productivity [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS designed for 1990s wide-area nets of diskless workstations [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS reduces bottleneck of building and maintaining corporate database [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS database is a set of screen sized, interlinked frames of items [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS has standard format for frame [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS item linked to another frame or to a program (hollow or solid circle) [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS standard frame is title, framename, body, tree items, annotations, buttons [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: write one-page letters as a single KMS frame [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS knowledge artifacts as a hierarchy of frames [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS frames distributed across a network of servers [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS databases are largely hierarchical with top levels as index [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS hierarchies supplemented with links to cross_refs, comments, etc [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS screen is normally two windows, each showing half a frame (one page) [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS full screen frames mainly for complex diagrams [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: central metaphor of KMS is rapid navigation through a universe of connected spaces [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS navigation by pointing at item and clicking left mouse button [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS usually displays new frame in less than 0.5 second [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS editor and navigator are combined by clicking mouse buttons or typing [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: create a KMS frame by writing title and clicking left button; same as navigation [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS modifications saved when leave a frame [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: click on items (with solid circles) to invoke program attached to item [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS programs often process a hierarchy of frames, eg a document section [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS uses a context_sensitive cursor for point-and-click operations [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS cursor includes labels for mouse buttons, used by both novice and expert [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: like RISC, KMS user interface gains performance through simplicity [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS 'move' command drags item from frame to frame; eliminates clipboard [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS 'move' for rearranging text and documents, moving data between files, etc [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: other discussions of hypertext issues, will highlight differences [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS node is a frame, a screen-sized workspace containing items [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS items can be text, graphics, or images

KMSquote: KMS items linked to other frames or attached to a program [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS links are part of a node, like NoteCards and HyperCard, but not InterMedia [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS frame is like space in the real world, perhaps empty [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: most systems define spacing by spaces, tabs, or the empty space after a new-line [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: white space around items make them easy to recognize, eg, for mouse [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: the spatial nature of KMS frames makes it easy to rearrange items [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: empty space in KMS frames used for creating items, creating graphics, or invoking 'back' commands [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: empty space in KMS frames used for annotations, comments, notes, etc. [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: lengthy notes placed in a separate frame, linked by its summary [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS comments are annotation items (indicates meta-level nature) [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS frame is 1132 by 805 pixels, leaves room for messages and window borders [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: fixed-size frames avoids scrolling which is less efficient than navigation [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS has one frame type like HyperCard; NoteCards and InterMedia have several node types [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: variation in KMS data provided by text, graphic, and image items [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: linking frames into hierarchies can represent many kinds of knowledge artifacts [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS frames implement desktop, directories, files, clipboards, and menus [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS frames eliminate constructs such as directories and corresponding commands

KMSquote: KMS frames eliminate need for multiple modes; no separate editor or browser [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS links are from items to frames: the item describes the link destination [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS denotes linked items by a small circle; no need for highlighting [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: move, copy, and delete links by direct manipulation of items [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: by separating links from text, can use any link description [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: embedded links forces link description to fit into text

KMSquote: destination of a KMS link is a frame; like NoteCards etc, but unlike InterMedia [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: small frames make frames a good choice for link destinations [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: the type of a hypertext link describes the link's destination; e.g., 'counter-argument' [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS users see link as an item: either tree or annotation [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS tree items for constructing a hierarchy [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS linked annotation items (@) for peripheral material [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS type of linked item (tree or annotation) changed by @ tag [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: having both hierarchical and associative lines helps orient the user [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: hypertext links may be objects that describe the destination [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS links are a property of a text item: gives the name of a frame [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: text for a linked item usually describes the link's destination [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS does not need mechanisms to manipulate the internal structure of links

KMSquote: rapid link traversal is as practical as accessing a link explainer [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS structures are hierarchies; for directories, documents, programs, etc [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS: standard input and output for many KMS programs is hierarchies of frames [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: versions needed for knowledge artifacts with long life cycles [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS versions by freezing a hierarchy: frozen frames automatically archived [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS versions are user accessible, but normally used to reconstruct earlier configurations [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: ZOG developed for user interface study; many user experiments done [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS and ZOG instrumented for logging user activity (more than 400,000 sessions) [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS/ZOG user interface was designed from scratch; hypermedia instead of windows on a desktop [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: 90% of user interaction in KMS is point-and-click; twice as fast as menus [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS user interface is striped down; minimal number of concepts [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: in KMS, files and directories are the same [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: hypertext nodes displayed one per window or expanded in place [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS frames displayed on half a screen or on entire screen (user choice) [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS new frame replaces existing frame on screen [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS uses time multiplexing (quick frame display) instead of space multiplexing [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: if text highlighting used for links then can not use for normal text [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: if embedded icons represent links, small mouse targets and little information [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS link is an item tagged by a circle; large mouse target; descriptive [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS link destination is a frame, so destination does not need marking [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: speed of following links is the most important parameter for hypermedia [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: qualitative difference between sub-second and multi-second response for browsing [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: PROMIS used specialized hardware for quarter second response time (70% of accesses) [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: ZOG improvement from 5-10 seconds to 2-3 seconds seen as major breakthrough [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: PERQ hypermedia had 0.7 or 1.5 second response time; dramatic improvement over earlier ZOG systems [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: ZOG with 0.05 to 0.1 sec response time was faster than needed [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: ZOG with 0.05 second response time was too fast (hard to notice new frame) [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS design goal of a quarter second to follow a link, may be optimal [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS initially slower response time than ZOG due to larger, more complex frames [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS uses a separate file for each frame [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS now runs with sub-second response time (faster file systems and hardware) [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS response time varies by frame size, graphics performance, disk speed [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS average frame size is 1 kbyte

KMSquote: KMS: remote frames on fast file server may appear faster than local frames [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS uses frame caching of file and text images [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS small frames are 0.5 kbytes, medium are 1.5 kbytes, large are 4.5 kbytes [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS accesses large frame (4.5 kbytes) in 0.22 seconds from cache

KMSquote: browsing is the canonical activity; must be quick, especially for large-scale hypermedia [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS frames have a standard layout; quick browsing due to visual regularity [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: larger size of linked items reduces pointing time for quick browsing [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS 'back' command used almost as often as 'goto' command [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS 'back' command is a mouse button on empty space; twice as fast as menu [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: faster response time reduces mental and physical effort [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS browsing is quicker because it does not use scrolling [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS 'linear' program to produce formatted documents [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS does not have a graphical browser because not very useful [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: may need graphical, multi-node browser for large, non-hierarchical structures

KMSquote: ZOG user studies showed that users rarely used multi-node views [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: getting lost is not a problem in KMS [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS users stay oriented because of hierarchical structure (top-down refinement) [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS: 'goto', 'home' and 'info' commands help users re-orient themselves [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS 'home' command returns to users home frame

KMSquote: KMS 'info' frame has links to documentation and utility programs

KMSquote: KMS parent links allow users to find the hierarchical context for a frame [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS flags the previously visited link to help users stay oriented [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS rapid navigation reduces cost of exploration; can backtrack to known frame [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: hypertext users have trouble locating information by browsing; poor structure and forgotten locations [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS program searches for text string in any hierarchy of frames (limits scope) [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS search program returns a frame containing the titles of matched frames [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS searching: selecting a matched frame displays text with matches highlighted

KMSquote: KMS: building an automatic index with fuzzy matching for information retrieval [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: users like to customize the user interface [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: user profiles in KMS for mouse parameters, initial frame, etc.

KMSquote: KMS and ZOG designed for collaboration via shared access to reports, plans, etc [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS users see themselves as working together to build information structures [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS is distributed over network of file servers but acts like one system [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS users work together on projects; see what others do, make comments, etc [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS has no centralized database administration [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS users evolve database by common sense and group norms

KMSquote: KMS runs on Sun's network file system [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS has a master frame server with location of all framesets (stored as frames) [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS index to KMS framesets is replicated on all file servers [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS avoid interference between users by breaking large artifacts into many frames [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS uses optimistic concurrency control to avoid locking frames (interference rare) [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS frames are small: many more frames than users; so, conflicts are rare [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: ZOG used frame locking whenever edited a frame; locking removed for KMS [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS uses optimistic concurrency control since conflicts are rare [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS optimistic concurrency only guarantees that saved changes are not overwritten [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS optimistic concurrency: if conflict then newer frame saved for remapping [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS optimistic concurrency: on first modification, makes sure no earlier write [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS if conflict between users likely, then annotate frame for informal locking [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS optimistic concurrency helps combine browser and editor; avoids locking [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS access control done by permissions set by owner of frame [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS frames can be annotate-only but option is seldom used [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS frames usually unprotected for minor corrections; depends on good will

KMSquote: KMS implements e-mail and bulletin boards by writing into frames [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS users converse by writing into frames; this maintains conversations [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS preserves global structure of conversations instead of fragmenting them

KMSquote: KMS supports comments by allowing annotations to frames [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS frames usually have two paragraphs of material; lots of room for annotation [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS annotations are written and read in the context that they refer to [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS annotations are ignored by programs such as the formatter [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: simplicity of annotation encourages comments on early drafts [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS annotations allow author to write while others review and make comments

KMSquote: KMS users make many comments, rearrange comments, respond to other comments [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS bulletin boards are frames; users write comments and sign with name and date [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS items in a bulletin board can be linked to other frames

KMSquote: KMS mail box is a frame; users write their messages directly into the frame [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS: if multiple messages added to a mail box item, start a discussion frame [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS discussion frame is like a bulletin board but for conversations [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS users are more likely to comment; authors make notes to themselves [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS provides a block-structured programming language; like HyperTalk [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS programming language primitives can manipulate and create KMS structures

KMSquote: large hypertext databases are hard to create [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS encourages large-scale databases by combined editor and browser [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS facilitates creating large-scale databases by making it easy to create frames [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: create a KMS frame in two seconds

KMSquote: KMS makes it easy to change the structure of a document; so more changes made; breadth-first view [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS rapid navigation facilitates locating place to change and restructuring [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS schema is a parameterized frame or tree of frames: for copying structures [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS has tools for importing material from other sources [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS databases can be as large as all file servers on a network [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: multiple databases are easily merged into a single KMS database [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS hierarchies of frames easily converted into a formatted document [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS formatting by adding annotations such as @NewPage or @Index:copying [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: KMS is hybrid between WYSIWYG and markup systems: frames already formatted [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: hypertext provides a rich design space with much potential for enhancement [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: hypertext design involves many tradeoffs, system can become too complex; strive for simplicity [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: complexity in software is largely due to complex data models [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: inconsistent data models makes user interface difficult; particularly for distributed versions [»akscRM7_1988, OK]

KMSquote: hypertext can have a simple, standard user interface (better than desktop metaphor) [»akscRM7_1988, OK]