Quote: appreciated systems use direct manipulation: visible, incremental, reversible operations; no complex command language [»shneB8_1983]

Quote: an expressive, user-friendly application needs a learnable, direct manipulation interface and a domain-enriched, programming language; e.g., SchemePaint [»eiseM4_1995]

Quote: Mac-style user interface from cognitive psychology; combines kinesthetic (mouse), iconic (windows/icons), and symbolic (Hypercard) mentalities [»lindO_1992]

Quote: direct manipulation: continuous visibility, physical action or button press, rapid incremental reversible operation, visible effect [»shneB_1982]

Quote: direct manipulation: visual representation; incremental commands with visual effect [»mccrDL10_1984]

Quote: a program should have an action for every possible type of user input [»wassAI_1973]

Quote: explore symbolic equations with Graph Equation; explore effect of parameter on graph; see answers while still thinking about questions [»lickJC5_1962]

Quote: Smalltalk is reactive; the user tells it what to do instead of the other way around [»teslL8_1981]

Quote: Adventure provides some reaction for every user action; much better than silent treatment [»carrJM11_1982]

Quote: Visicalc was successful because it jumps; has a sense of liveliness, a world of linked action [»shneB_1985]

Quote: driving an automobile is direct manipulation; effect of change is visible [»shneB8_1983]

Quote: every pixel of the screen should react; like the Mac, but the HyperCard screen does not react [»huntS9_1987]

Quote: every key and command has a visual response; otherwise user model is destroyed [»smitDC4_1982]

Quote: a well-designed system makes everything relevant to a task visible on the screen; aids memory [»smitDC4_1982]

Quote: when everything is visible, the display becomes reality, the user model; actions understood by visual effects; can conduct experiments [»smitDC4_1982]

Quote: naive realism: contents of screen is the entire computational world; like text editing [»diseAA9_1986]

Quote: naive realism: see computational objects instead of interfaces [»diseAA9_1986]

Quote: a user interface should appear stable; e.g., all objects and actions are visible; dim unavailable options [»apple_1987]

Quote: WYSIWYG is 'what you see is what you get' for document creation; eliminates iterations required with formatters [»smitDC4_1982]

Quote: Visicalc is direct manipulation of a visual presentation of a world of action

Quote: MacPaint is concrete: the only data structure is bits on the screen, and the user's sole goal is to turn those bits on and off; literally no state to remember [»myerBA_1992]

Quote: Star eliminates the CODE key since it leads to invisible resources [»smitDC4_1982]

Quote: because of Lisa's trash can, folders, reports, and tools do not just disappear; they were either thrown away or filed somewhere [»willG2_1983]

Quote: most user interfaces have been built on the conversational metaphor, an interface, an intermediary, to a hidden world; denies direct engagement [»hutcEL_1986]

Quote: by focusing on children, Smalltalk became an "environment in which users learn by doing" instead of "access to functionality" [»kayAC_1996]

Quote: systems are tools; except for tutorials, users must direct the system; laissez-faire is inevitable and systems are conceptual mazes [»carrJM11_1982]

Quote: instead of abstraction, programming should be more concrete with independent, directly manipulated, self-sufficient objects [»taivA11_1993]

Quote: any accessible object should be easily observed and manipulated [»ingaDH8_1981]

Quote: naive realism: any text on screen can be copied, modified or perhaps evaluated [»diseAA9_1986]

Quote: naive realism: change value of variable by modifying its display [»diseAA9_1986]

Quote: Boxer graphics box is alternate view of manipulable box of variables and sprites [»diseAA9_1986]

Quote: all data icons treated uniformly; moving/mailing/etc. documents, folders, and record files [»smitDC4_1982]

Quote: MOVE (dragging) is the most powerful command in Star; move graphics, formulas, files, mail, printing [»smitDC4_1982]

Quote: SUIT uses direct manipulation (dragging) of properties; e.g., clicking on a color property produces a selection of colors [»pausR10_1992]

Quote: Apple Desktop Interface paradigms--select object then select action via a menu, or drag an object to another object representing an action [»apple_1987]

Quote: Improv's item dispenser--select an item for duplication, click on the dispenser, pull out the desired number of items, tear off and drop [»yageT10_1990]

Quote: use noun-verb commands since have more judgment in selecting an object and can change selection [»smitDC4_1982]

Quote: can select an object and then select a menu choice; a context-dependent pop-up menu is more direct [»smitRB10_1995]

Quote: Self uses the right mouse button for global, object-level actions and the middle mouse button for object-specific actions; action on contact [»smitRB10_1995]

Quote: a Kevo object shows all its properties; allows objects to be manipulated as individuals; use virtual copying to reduce memory consumption [»taivA11_1993]

Quote: Sketchpad supports most straight edge and compass constructions; topological relationships via pseudo pen location and demonstrative language [»suthIE5_1963]

Quote: use toggle switches to display Sketchpad's abstractions; e.g., constraint is a circle and code letter with four arms to the constrained variables [»suthIE5_1963]

Quote: 36-bits per spot for display location and an n-component element; e.g., the spots for a subpicture point to that subpicture's ring [»suthIE5_1963]

Quote: Sketchpad provides general functions for expansion of instances, recursive deletion, and recursive merging of subpictures [»suthIE5_1963]

Quote: with Star, you create by copying; easier to modify than to create, e.g., icons and graphics [»smitDC4_1982]

Quote: to duplicate properties in Star, select a group of objects, press SAME, select the desired object; performs COPY PROPERTIES [»smitDC_1982]

Quote: in Lara, format text by copying attributes from one place to another; use a sample document for format consistency [»gutkJ9_1985]

Quote: perform repetitive formatting by dragging the properties of an object with the right mouse button [»machB3_1992]

Quote: can set up 'transfer sheets' that contain useful graphics symbols [»smitDC4_1982]

Quote: Boxer menus by simply typing commands [»diseAA9_1986]

Quote: direct manipulation needs easily reproducible symbols for entities; text is best, that's its purpose [»diseAA_1986]

Quote: is there a workable gestural indication for conditional branching? if..then..else works well [»diseAA_1986]

Quote: direct manipulation is useful as an execution environment but not for representing programs [»diseAA_1986]

Quote: with a direct manipulation interface you have to directly manipulate everything; like an assembly line worker [»gentD8_1996]

Quote: there is no way to name procedures or objects in a direct manipulation interface and hence no abstraction or user- definable concepts [»eiseM4_1995]

Quote: it is easy to express sequencing in formal UI systems; does not work for direct-manipulation user interfaces [»myerB3_2000]